system and characteristic

 

System

System’s concept : Term system is derived from the Greek word "Systema" which mean an organized relationship among functioning units or components.

Definition and Concept of System : "A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific goal".

                   The word component may refer to physical parts ( engine, wheels of car ), management step ( planning organizing, controlling) or a subsystem in a multi-level structure. It is to be noted that a system is not a randomly arranged set. It is arrange with some logic governed by rules, regulation principle and policies.

A system may have multiple input and multiple output.

Characteristic of a system -

Following characteristic are present in all systems -

1. Organization
2. Interaction
3. Interdependent
4. Integration
5. Central objective

Organization : organization implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of component that help to achieve objectives. Hierarchical relationship starting with president on top and leading down ward to the blue coller worker represent the organization structure.

Interaction : Interaction refer to the procedure in which each component interact with other components of the system in an organization.

For example - Purchasing must interact with product,  Advertising with sales and payroll with personal.

Interdependent : Independence is concerned with how a system is tied together, it is more than sharing a physical part or location it means that part of a system part or location with the system, even through each part performance. A unique function successful integration will typically produc a better request as hall rather than if each component works independently.

Central objective : Objective may be real or stated. Objective is determined by higher management and user must be aware about the central objective well in advance.

Elements of a system-

• Inputs and outputs
• processor
• control
• feedback
• environment
• boundaries and interface

Inputs and outputs : Inputs are the elements that enter the system for processing and output is the result of processing.

Processor : It is the element that involves the actual transformation of input into output.

Control : The control element guides the system.

Feedback : Output is compared against performance standard.

Environment : It is the super system within which an organization operates.

Boundaries and interface : A system should be defined by its limits.

 

Types of system-

Physical : These are tangible introduce that may be a static or dynamic in operation. For example -  Parts of a computer center are the desks,  chair etc.  that facilitated operation of the compute. They are static and a programmed computer is dynamic

 

Abstract system : These are conceptual or non physical entities. For example the abstract conceptualization of physical situations a model is a representation of a real or panned system. A model is used to visualize relationships.

Deterministic system :  It operates in a predictable manner and the interaction between parts is known with certainty. For example -  Two molecules of hydrogen and 1 molecules of oxygen make water.

Probabilistic system : It shows probable behavior. The exact output is not known for example weather forecasting mail delivery.

Social system : It is made up of people for example social clubs, societies.

Human machine system : When both human and machines are involved to perform a particular a particular task to achieve a target. For example - computer.

Machine system : Where human interference is neglected. All the task are performed by the machine is called machines system.

Manufactured system : System made by man is called manufacture system. For example rockets, dam, train.

Permanent system : Which persist for long time for example policies of business.

Temporary system : Made for specified time and after that they are dissolve. For example - Getting up DJ system.

Adaptive system : Respond to change in the environment in such a way to improve their performance and to survive. For example - Human being animals.

Non adaptive system : The system which does not respond to the environment. For example - Machines.

Open system : It has many interfaces with its environment. It interacts across its boundaries, it receives input from and deliver output to the outside world. It must adapt to the changing demand of the user.

Close system : It is isolated the environment influence. A completely closed system is rare.