computer fundamentals questions with answers

Fundamentals Questions With Answers

 All are 5 marks question and answer 1 to 15. 

1. Distinguish between data and information.

ANSWER : Data is a raw material for the computer. Data is collection of different values that convey information describing quality, quantity, fact, statics and other basic unit of meaning. Data is generally used by machines and other wise useless, unless it is processed to create information. Information is a group of data that collectively carries a logical meaning and to initiate actions and run the organization efficiently. The data processed by machines gives information.

DATA
Data is input language for the computer.
Data is not depend on information.
Data is not specific enough to generate meaning.
Data is raw materials that is collected.

Information
Information is output for the human.
Information is depend on the data.
Information has specific enough to generate meaning.
Information is a detailed meaning generated from the data.

click here for more about data and information.

 

2. What are the function input unit ?

ANSWER : A computer will only response when a command is given through the devices. These command can be given using input unit or the input devices The data entered can be in the form of numbers, alphabet, images, etc. We enter the information using an input device, the processing units convert it into computer understandable languages and then the final output is received by a human-understandable language.

For example -

Keyboard : Using a keyboard we can type things on notepad and the computer processes the entered data and them display the output of the same of the screen.

Mouse : Its a pointing device , the mouse is rolled over the mouse pad and we control the movement of the cursor on the screen. We can click, double click or drag the mouse. In an optical mouse, the light sensor control the cursor on the screen.

Scanner : Scanner are used to enter information directly in to the computer as a input unit. The scanner convert any types of printed or written information for example : xerox, photographs, which can manipulated by the computer.

Bar code reader : This device reads bar codes and converts them into electric pulses to be processed by a computer. A bar code is nothing but data coded in form of light and dark bars.

Voice input system : This devices converts spoken words to machine language form. A micro used to convert human speech to electric signals. The signal pattern is then transmitted to a computer where its compared to a dictionary of patterns that have been previously placed in a storage unit of computer. When a close match is found, the word is recognized.

 

3. Arrange the memory devices in ascending order based on the access time.

ANSWER : The ascending order based on the access time are -
1st Magnetic tape
2nd Magnetic disk
3rd Main memory
4th Cache memory
5th Register

 

4. What are the volatile and non-volatile memory ?

ANSWER : Both volatile and non-volatile memory are type of computer memories.
Volatile : The volatile memory stores data and computer programs that the CPU ( Central processing unit ) may need in real - time and it erases them once a user switches off the computer. For example - cache memory, RAM ( Random accesses memory ).

Characteristic of volatile memory

This type of memory is faster then non-volatile memory.
It consumes less access time as compared to non-volatile memory.
It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
It store data for temporary use.
Data is lost in case power is switched off.These are semiconductor memories.
A computer and not run without volatile memory.

Non-volatile memory : Non-volatile memory is on other hand, this type of memory is static. It remains data in a computer even after a user switch of the computer. It is also called permanent memory. For example - Hard disk, magnetic disk, tape cassette, ped/flash drive, SSD ( solid disk drive) etc.

Characteristics of non-volatile memory -

The data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
It is a backup memory.
These are magnetic and optical memories.
Computer may run without non-volatile memory.
Slower than volatile memory.
It is used for storage of data in computer.

 

5. List out the types of computer based on size.

ANSWER :The computers basis on size-
Supercomputer
Mainframe computer
Mini computer
Micro computer

Supercomputer : Supercomputer are very one of the fastest computer. It perform at the highest operational rate for computer. It mainly use for scientific as engineering applications that must handle very larg data base or do a great amount of computation.
For example - weather forecasting, nuclear energy research, scientific simulations.

Mainframe computer : It is very large and expensive computer capable of supporting 100 or even 1000 of users at a time.
For example - IBM Z890, ASCC( Automatic Sequence Control Computer ) etc.

Mini computer : A computer with processing and storage capabilities smaller than those of mainframe but larger than those microcomputer.
For example – business transaction processing, file handling, data base management etc.

Micro compute : Micro computer is an electronic device with a microprocessor as its (CPU) central processing unit. Micro computer was formerly a commonly used term of personal computer.
For example - Modern desktop computers, laptop, tablet pc, mobile phones, industrial embedded systems etc.

 

6. Write a short note on cache memory.

ANSWER :Cache memory is very highest speed semiconductor memory which can speed up CPU(Central processing unit). It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by CPU.

Characteristic of cache memory -

Cache memory is faster than main memory.
It take or consumes less access time as compare to main memory.
It store data for temporary use.

 

7. Reason out why the NAND and NOR called universal gates ?

ANSWER : NAND and NOR gates are called universal Gates because they can be used to create all other logic gates. This is possible because any logic gate can be constructed using only NAND and NOR gates. This is due to the fact that any logic gate can be represented by the combination of NAND and NOR gates are much simpler to manufacture and take up less physical space than other logical gates.

For example - an OR gate can be created using a NAND gate by linking the output of the NAND gate to one of the inputs

 

8. How many Half-Adder are required to perform the 7-bit Addition and 4-bit subtraction. Write it separately.

ANSWER : Half adder are required to perform the 7 bit addition is =13.
Half adder are required to perform the 4 bit subtraction =8.

 

9. Convert Gray to binary code.
a. 1001001 b. 0100011

ANSWER : Gray to binary
a.1110001(binary)
b.0111101(binary)

 

10. Difference between linker and loader ?

ANSWER :
Linker
A linker is an important utility program that takes the objects files, produced by the assembler and compiler and other coded to join them into a single executable file. There are two type of linker
A.Dynamic
B.Linkage
Dynamic
Dynamic linker is the part of an operating system that loads and links the shared libraries needed by an executable when it executes
Linkage
Linkage is a program in a system also known as a link editor and binder which combines object modules into a single object file . Generally it is a program that performs the process of linking it takes one or multiple object files which are generated by compiler.

The characteristics of a linker

- A linker is an important utility program that takes the object files, produced by the assembler and compiler, and other code to join them into a single executable file.
- It uses an input of object code produced by the assembler and compiler.
- The foremost purpose of a linker is to produce executable files.
- Linker is used to join all the modules.
- It is accountable for managing objects in the program’s space.

Loader
In the world of computer science, a loader is a vital component of an operating system that is accountable for loading programs and libraries. Absolute, Direct Linking, Bootstrap and Relocating are the types of loaders.

The characteristics of a linker -

- A loader is a vital component of an operating system that is accountable for loading programs and libraries.
- It uses an input of executable files produced by the linker.
- The foremost purpose of a loader is to load executable files to memory.
- Loader is used to allocate the address to executable files.
- It is accountable for setting up references that are utilized in the program.

 

11. Explain programming language ? What are the types of programming language ?

ANSWER :
Computer programming language is a medium for us to communicate with computers, just like we use HINDI or ENGLISH language to communicate with each other. Programming is a way for us to deliver our instruction to the computer.

Types of programming language -

1. Low-level programming language
2. Middle-level programming language
3. High-level programming language

Low-level programming language: Low-level programming language is machine dependent ( 0 and 1 ) programming language. The processor runs low -level programs directly without the need of a compiler or interpreter.

Middle-level programming language: Lies between the low level programming language and high level programming language . It is also known as the Intermediate programming language and pseudo-language.

High-level programming language: High level programming language (HLL) is deigned for developing user-friendly software programs and websites. Common language used (python ,java, c++).

 

12. What is WWW and Web browser?

ANSWER :
WWW (World Wide Web)
which is also known as a collection of websites or web pages stored in the web server and connected to local computer through the internet. These websites contain text, audio, videos etc. users can access the content of these sites form any part of the world over the internet using their devices such as computer laptops, cell phones etc. The building blocks of the web are web pages which are formatted in the HTML and connected by links called 'hypertext' or hyperlink and accessed by html. These links are electronic connections that link so that users can access the desired in formation quickly.

Web browser
Web browser is a commonly term which is frequently used by people while discussing the internet.
A web browser is application software used to access information on the world wide web(WWW) is called web browser . When a user request some information the world wide web browser fetches the data display the web pages on the screen.
World wide web was the first web browser created by Tim Berners lee in 1990.
Example of web browser are : Mosaic , Internet explorer, Mozilla firebox.

 

13. What do you mean by ISP?

ANSWER : ISP stands for Internet services provider. An ISP is a business or an organization that provides Internet connection for its customers or members by enabling data transmission between computers in workplaces or home and the other on the internet. In most populated areas these data transmissions take place through physical cables or wires. On the other hand customers who reside word in remote locations or who are on the read a lot may be served using wireless data Transmission.
ISP may also provide other service online product conduct business and connect with family and friends.

Example of ISP AT & T, Verizon Comcast or spectrum that provides Internet access to companies families and even mobile users.

 

14. What are the types of internet connection ?

ANSWER :
There are many types of Internet connection -

-DSL
-Dail - up- connection
-Cable
-Broadband connection
-Satellite connection
-Mobile
-WiFi Hotspot

Mobile cell phones and smartphone provide offer voice plans with Internet access. Mobile Internet connections provide good speeds and allow you to access the Internet.

Dail -up-connection connection require users to link their line to a computer in order to access the Internet. This particular type of connection also referred to as analog does not permit users to make or receive phone calls through their home phone service while using the Internet.

Broadband connection This high speed Internet connection is provided through either capable or telephone companies. One of the fastest options available, broadband Internet use multiple data channel to send large quantities of information.

DSL which stands for digital subscribes line, uses existing 2-wire copper telephone line connected to one’s home so service is time as landline telephone service customers can still places calls while surfing the internet. CABLE internet connection is form of broadband access through use of a cable modem. users can access the internet over cable tv lines.

 

15. What is HTTP and FTP ?

ANSWER :
HTTP
HTTP Stands for Hyper Text Transfer protocol. It is a protocol used to access data on the (WWW) world wide web. The HTTP protocol can used to transfer the day in the for of plain text , hyper text, audio, video, and so on. This protocol is known as Hypertext Transfer protocol because of its efficiency that allows us to use in a hypertext environment where there is are rapid jump form one document to another document. Http is similar to the ftp as it also transfer the files from one host to another host. But http is simpler than ftp as http uses only one connection i.e. no control connections to transfer the files.

FTP
Now, FTP stands for Files Transfer protocol. FTP is a stands internet a standard provided by TCP/IP used for transmitting the files one host to another. It is also used for downloading files to the computer from other servers.
-It provides the sharing of files.
-It is used to encourage the use of remote computer.